The history of ancient Egypt, particularly the era of the Pharaohs, is typically divided in several major eras or periods:
Predynastic Period: This period covers the time before the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, dating back to around 3100 BCE. It's characterized by regional cultures and early developments in agriculture.
Early Dynastic Period: This period begins with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer (Menes) and includes the first and second dynasties. It's a time of early centralized rule and monument construction.
Old Kingdom: The Old Kingdom, spanning from the third to the sixth dynasty (c. 2686–2181 BCE), is known for the construction of the iconic pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza. It's a time of great architectural achievements.
First Intermediate Period: Following the Old Kingdom, Egypt experienced a period of political and social turmoil with decentralized rule, known as the First Intermediate Period.
Middle Kingdom: The Middle Kingdom, from the 11th to the 12th dynasty (c. 2055–1650 BCE), saw the reunification of Egypt and a period of stability, along with literature and art flourishing.
Second Intermediate Period: Similar to the First Intermediate Period, the Second Intermediate Period was characterized by foreign rule and division within Egypt.
New Kingdom: The New Kingdom, spanning the 18th to the 20th dynasty (c. 1550–1077 BCE), was a period of great power and expansion, with notable pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, and Ramesses II. It's known for monumental temples and military campaigns.
Third Intermediate Period: After the New Kingdom, Egypt faced periods of decline and rule by various foreign powers, such as the Libyans and Nubians.
Late Period: The Late Period saw the rule of several foreign dynasties, including the Persians and Greeks. It eventually led to the Conquest of Alexander the Great and the Beginn of the Ptolemaic era.